Una branca fondamentale della scienza in campo medico è l’eziologia che si occupa di ricercare le cause di una data malattia.
Conoscere ciò che determina una patologia consente di individuarne più facilmente i possibili rimedi.
Si parla di sindrome dell’occhio secco quando i nostri occhi non sono in grado di produrre un film lacrimale di buona qualità ed in quantità adeguate. 1
Se il film lacrimale non è prodotto in quantità sufficienti, non riesce a mantenere gli occhi adeguatamente idratati e ad eliminare le particelle che, talvolta, si introducono al loro interno.
Secondo alcuni studi, la patologia dell’occhio secco è molto diffusa tra la popolazione adulta, in una percentuale che va dal 15% al 30%.
In particolare, la sindrome dell’occhio secco sembrerebbe svilupparsi più frequentemente nelle donne dopo la menopausa a causa della sua stretta correlazione con i cambiamenti ormonali. 2
Le cause dell’occhio secco possono essere, quindi, varie ed è fondamentale che siano identificate in modo corretto.
I principali sintomi dell’occhio secco sono:
Nel caso in cui si riscontrino tali sintomi è opportuno rivolgersi immediatamente al proprio specialista oftalmologo.
La sindrome occhio secco si verifica maggiormente nelle persone che svolgono un lavoro in cui gli occhi sono posti in situazione di stress prolungato e nelle persone anziane.
Con l’aumentare dell’età, infatti, alcune cellule che generano lacrime possono atrofizzarsi determinando, così, una diversa composizione del film lacrimale.
La sindrome dell’occhio secco non è un problema limitato alla sola mancanza di lacrime, quanto alla qualità del film lacrimale. Il film lacrimale deve, infatti, avere una corretta composizione di acqua, lipidi e minerali, affinché gli occhi sia mantenuti ben lubrificati e sani. Le ghiandole di Meibomio sono, per esempio, responsabili della produzione di alcuni lipidi che impediscono l’evaporazione delle lacrime. 4
Sebbene l’età sia una delle principali cause della sindrome dell’occhio secco, vi sono, tuttavia, altri elementi che possono condurre a tale sindrome anche nelle persone più giovani.
Tra questi si annoverano cause di origine ambientale come:
La sindrome dell’ occhio secco è stata definita come una disfunzione dell’unità lacrimale dall’ International Dry Eye Workshop ed è stata riconosciuta ufficialmente solo nel 2007. Ciononostante speriamo che la ricerca scientifica possa, in tempi ragionevoli, portare a nuove scoperte sui rimedi contro questa patologia.
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