Grandi novità nel campo della ricerca contro il diabete di tipo 1 giungono dal capoluogo lombardo e per la precisione dall’Ospedale Niguarda la cui équipe chirurgica, all’avanguardia nel settore dei trapianti, ha messo a punto una nuova tecnica per trapiantare le cosiddette isole pancreatiche, le cellule del pancreas che producono insulina.
Il trattamento, “il primo caso in Europa e il quarto al mondo”, è stato testato su un paziente di 41 anni, che convive con il diabete da quando ne aveva 11.
Grazie ad una procedura chirurgica mini-invasiva gli sono state trapiantate le cellule necessarie per la produzione di insulina (le isole pancreatiche), che ormai il suo sistema immunitario aveva distrutto in quanto, a causa della malattia, percepite come nemiche.
Dall’ospedale milanese specificano:
La nuova procedura sperimentale è stata messa a punto dal Diabetes Research Institute, un centro di eccellenza diretto da Camillo Ricordi all’Università di Miami, dove sono stati seguiti i primi due casi al mondo.
Luciano De Carlis, Direttore della Chirurgia Generale e dei Trapianti, puntualizza:
Attualmente le cellule insulari vengono infuse nel fegato ma molte di esse non sopravvivono in questo ambiente, a causa di una reazione infiammatoria che ne compromette il funzionamento.
La nuova tecnica prevede di iniettare le cellule nell’omento (il tessuto che ricopre e protegge gli organi dell’addome) con la chirurgia videolaparoscopica (che utilizza piccolissime telecamere e sofisticate apparecchiature e non richiede l’incisione di pelle e muscoli).
Si punta a creare una sorta di ‘pancreas in miniatura’: le isole pancreatiche sono state trapiantate con tecniche di ingegneria tissutale all’interno di ‘un’impalcatura biologica’ che si riassorbe nel tessuto che riveste gli organi addominali. L’impalcatura biodegradabile è una combinazione di plasma del paziente e trombina, un comune enzima per uso clinico. Queste sostanze, quando vengono unite, creano un prodotto gelatinoso che si attacca all’omento e mantiene le isole in sede. L’organismo assorbe gradualmente il gel lasciando le isole intatte, mentre si formano nuovi vasi sanguigni che forniscono ossigeno e altri nutrienti indispensabili per la sopravvivenza delle cellule.
L’intervento avviene con una chirurgia minimamente invasiva e permette di ridurre l’eventuale reazione infiammatoria.
Questa tecnica di ingegneria tissutale sarà fondamentale per permettere la sperimentazione clinica di nuove tecnologie al fine evitare l’uso di farmaci anti-rigetto, che oggi limitano l’applicabilità del trapianto di isole ai casi più gravi di diabete.
Siamo davanti a una grande conquista nel campo della ricerca contro il diabete, maturata in una struttura d’eccellenza italiana.
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